The hazards of flash photography!

Bottlebrush Grass (Hystrix patula or Elymus hystrix)

Tall Green Milkweed (Asclepias hirtella)

"Of Woods and Other Things," quotes by Emma Pitcher

I just started re-reading Emma Pitcher’s book, “Of Woods and Other Things” (Beech Leaf Press, Kalamazoo, 1996), and already there are quotes that must be shared. It’s a small collection of essays written for the layman and submitted to a local newspaper in conjunction with The Kalamazoo Nature Center. "Bickie" Pitcher was a renowned naturalist in the Indiana Dunes region before moving to Michigan.

Emma Pitcher Quotes:

“Nature writing of necessity involves two delightful occupations: roaming around wild places observing flora and fauna and later poring over relevant books attempting to learn more. In such pleasant ways do naturalists grope toward understanding. Questions always remain – leading to the next foray. Fortunately, the learning never ends.”

“… the nostalgic, somewhat dreamy whistle of an unseen migrating white-throated sparrow on a misty spring morning, a sound that sets blood a stirring in birdwatchers everywhere.”

“…when the flute-like ee oh lay of the wood thrush sounds through the woods, I drop everything to treasure each crystalline note.”

“One of the most astonishing all-time banding records is that of an Arctic tern found dead on the same Maine island where he had been banded thirty-four years earlier. At 25,000 migratory miles flown in a year, this tern weighing four ounces flew 850,000 in its lifetime.”

“A white-throated sparrow, that bird of haunting, ethereal whistles…”

[Ah, yes, my favorite quote of all time from any author]: "...pale satiny yellow breasts and dark velvety smudges around eyes are apparent." [I'm basking in the beauty of the image this evokes... of Cedar Waxwings].

“In winter, tough, scaly fringes grow on toe edges of the feet of ruffed grouse, serving as unique snow shoes. These drop off in spring…. Like willow ptarmigan, these grouse will spend cold winter nights in a snow bank.”

“A family of barred owls lived near me and one often hooted from the big pine just outside my bedroom window. It was a scary but delightful experience to be wakened by that call of the wild just ten feet from my bed.”

[Re: barred owls]: “Invisible ears are cavities in lower sides of the head covered with loose-ribbed feathers that can spread to form funnels.”

[Re: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird]: “… when a thumb-sized ruby-throated leaves for South America in fall, this wee being makes an extraordinary 500-mile nonstop flight across the Gulf of Mexico from the tip of Florida to the coast of Yucatan. Miracle? Yes.”

[Re: Blue Jays]: “When they do migrate, they move by day. On April28, 1981, 2,210 were observed flying eastward along the Lake Michigan shore east of Gary, Indiana.”

[Re: Blue Jays]: “Edward H. Forbush tells of jays not only feeding and guarding an old, partly blind jay, but also leading it to water. Who would have expected compassion from this often aggressive intruder?”

[Re: Black-Capped Chickadees]: In cold weather they become totally round, fluffing feathers to almost twice their normal size, thereby trapping air as insulation. One morning at twenty-five degrees below zero, I saw inflated chickadees covered with hoarfrost crystals, dazzling in the sunlight.”

[Re: Cedar Waxwings]: “Sometimes wing tips contain a bright red wax-like substance visible only at close range. The function of those waxy droplets is unknown.”

The botany section of the book is fast approaching...

Pteris multifida (Pteridaceae)

While conducting an invasive species survey at Hot Springs National Park in west central Arkansas, I ran into this interesting fern.
It is called Pteris multifida and it is in the Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern Family). Other more familiar genera in the family are Adiantum, Cheilanthes and Pellaea. In Pteris, as other members of the family, the indusia (structures covering the sori) consists of revolute margins. You can see this in the photo of the lower frond surface below.

Sadly, this charismatic fern is not native to North America. It is an Asian species that is sold as a cultivated plant. Like many other cultivated plants, it escapes containers and yards and establishes itself in places native plants could potentially colonize. This specimen was growing on a dripping ledge near one of only two uncapped hot springs. There is a large population of Pteris here growing adjacent to a small population of the native Adiantum capillus-verneris. This is symptomatic of the Hot Springs area in general where total habitat alteration and rapidly colonizing invasive species have left little room or hope for naturally functioning ecosystems.

That's One Odd Fungus

While I was finding a decent flowering specimen of Aster linariifolius (Flax-leaved Aster) to take a photo of yesterday at Miller Woods in Lake County, Indiana, "Agrimony" Tony was busy finding the oddest looking species of fungus that I've ever seen.


This is Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as Lion's Mane or Tooth Fungus. Edible when young, this mushroom is said to have the texture of octopus or squid. It is often found on fallen logs from fall into the winter; in this case, it was growing from a wound at the base of a Quercus velutina (Black Oak) tree. Another common name for this species is Old Man's Beard.


This last common name is pretty descriptive, I think. See what you think...


Okay, Justin's beard is more of a flocculose tomentum, but still...

Thanks to Dr. Don Ruch for verification of my identification of this fungus.

Triosteum perfoliatum

I am pretty sure this is Late Horse Gentian, since all of the leaves were perfoliate. Or as S&W says 'middle leaves pandurate, narrowed below the middle, dialated and clasping-connate at the base.' The fruits were very attractive, with their color and geometric arrangement around the stem. I found these in an open woodland in Henry County, Indiana. Triosteum is an herbaceous member of the Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) family.

Snake Identification Help

Can someone ID this wild beast so I can label the photos correctly? It was in dry Black Oak savannah just above a wet swale in Gary, Indiana. Thanks. Super skinny - about 15 mm in diameter and close to 1 meter in length..

Scott's Favorite Shrub: Poison Sumac

This rather beautiful shrub can be the source of great misery for those who are sensitive to it. The rash and itching are severe...extremely, profoundly severe. If Scott N. finds out you are sensitive to Poison Sumac, he will take you to places where it grows by the hundreds of thousands. And after you limbo and crawl under it for 3 or 4 miles, he'll casually let you know "they have rattlesnakes here."

Poison Sumac - Rhus vernix

Peloric Orchid

Every now and then one finds a Spiranthes that exhibits "peloria," a phenomenon in which a plant that normally bears irregular flowers mysteriously produces regular flowers. These flowers normally do not open but nearly always develop seed capsules. They seem cleistogamous to me. I have no expertise on this occurrence but would love to hear from anyone who does. The plant in the photo was among a large population of Spiranthes cernua in Lake County, Indiana. Photographed 10-4-09.

Buckeye and Horse Chestnut

Early to bed... early to rise... certainly applies... to the Buckeyes! Aesculus glabra (Buckeye) is one of the earliest trees to turn color and shed its leaves in the fall, and one of the earliest to leaf out in spring. Its palmate leaves usually bear 5 leaflets. A similar species, Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut), native to Eurasia, usually has 7 leaflets. It is cultivated and rarely escapes. Both have leaflets irregularly toothed - as if chewed by a Ferengi.

Buckeye - Aesculus glabra

Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum
The wood of Buckeye is lightweight and soft, not highly valued for furniture or cabinetry. So, what can you do with light grey Buckeye wood? You can... carve an Eeyore!

Finis coronat opus Gentiana!

The end crowns the work - may the last be the best! The glorious time of Gentians is upon us - another growing season putting on its final show. The beauty of Gentians is enhanced by the lovely places they inhabit, the splendor of the autum sky, and the magic of falling leaves, among many other good things. All photos from Lake County, Indiana, 9-27-09.

"Blue thou art, intensely blue;

Flower, whence came thy dazzling hue?" James Montgomery

Prairie Gentian - Gentiana puberulenta

Fringed Gentian - Gentianopsis crinita

Bottle Gentian - Gentiana andrewsii

Soapwort Gentian - Gentiana saponaria

How's About A Plant Quiz? - We've Got A Winner!

I recently posted this photo as a plant quiz...

Keith wasn't fooled by my shenanigans. These are the bulblets of the roots of Dicentra cucullaria, Dutchman's Breeches. These bulblets go dormant after the plant goes to fruit, and they remain dormant until fall. The beginning stages of leaves and flower buds are then formed underground. These primordial leaves and flower buds remain dormant until the spring, when they emerge from the mesic forest floor.

Dicentra cucullaria

There is a spectacular photo of a Dicentra cucullaria plant, including flower, leaves, and root with bulblets on flickr that you can access by clicking here.

Keith mentioned the bulblets of Dicentra canadensis looking similar to those in my quiz but being more round and more yellow-orange. That's exactly right, and a photo of these bulblets is shown above. Some botanists claim to be able to distinguish between these two closely related species based on the color of the undersides of the leaves... if you're ever in doubt, just clear off a little soil and check out the bulblets to tell for sure which species you are dealing with.

Dicentra canadensis

Fringed Gentians of the Northeastern United States

Late summer brings on the charismatic blues of fringed gentians in calcareous soils throughout the northeastern United States. I have recently spoken with several people who have confused our two species of Gentianopsis. It's certainly easy to confuse these two, as they are very similar, and intermediates between the two species have been observed. In fact, in looking through some of my old photos, I found at least one that I think I misidentified many years ago. With this post, I hope to clear up some of the confusion.

Sometimes treated as a single genus (Gentiana), the gentians in the northeastern United States are taxonomically split by most authors into three genera: Gentiana, Gentianella, and Gentianopsis. Before I get to the fringed gentians, let's look at how the three genera, in the strict sense, differ.


The photograph above shows an open flower of Gentiana saponaria. The flowers of this species are usually more closed than this, but this photo nicely shows one of the important characteristics of the genus Gentiana when separating it from Gentianella and Gentianopsis. Between the corolla lobes, you will see membranaceous appendages. Gentiana, sensu stricto, has teeth, appendages, or plaits between the corolla lobes, while Gentianella and Gentianopsis lack this character. Also, members of the genus Gentiana are perennial, while those of the genera Gentianella and Gentianopsis are annual or biennial.


Gentianella amarella is shown in the photograph above. As stated previously, members of the genera Gentianella and Gentianopsis lack the appendages between the corolla lobes that are present in members of the genus Gentiana. To distinguish Gentianella from Gentianopsis, look at the corolla lobes. Gentianella does not have fringed corolla lobes, while the corolla lobes of Gentianopsis are fringed along the sides and often around the top.

You can see in the photograph directly above and those below that the corolla lobes are conspicuously fringed, so all of these photos show plants in the genus Gentianopsis. The photograph above shows Gentianopsis crinita, Fringed Gentian. The photograph quality is poor, but you can see that the corolla lobes are fringed across the top and along the sides with long (2-6 mm) linear segments. You can also see broad, lance-ovate leaves (often more than 1 cm wide)characteristic of this species.

Above is a close-up of the flower of Gentianopsis procera, Lesser Fringed Gentian. Notice the long, linear fringes on the sides of the corolla lobes, but the short (less than 2 mm), irregular, broad-based fringes along the top of the corolla lobes. In the photograph below, you can see the vegetative distinguishing character between the two species of Gentianopsis. In Gentianopsis procera, the upper leaves are linear or very narrowly lanceolate (often less than 1 cm wide).

Now get out there and admire these cerulean marvels!

Virginia Creeper / Woodbine

Many people would look at the two photographs below and call both plants Virginia Creeper or Woodbine, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, without as much as a second thought. But let's take a closer look. Below, I will explain how these two plants can be morphologically separated into two distinct species.


The plant in the photograph above is Parthenocissus quinquefolia, while that in the photograph below is P. inserta (which is treated as a synonym of P. vitacea by some authors, though the nomenclature of these two is quite confusing).

One thing to notice is that the leaflets of P. inserta are more shiny above than those of P. quinquefolia, which often appear dull on the upper surface.

Looking at the undersides of the leaflets, those of P. quinquefolia (above) are almost always pubescent, while those of P. inserta (below) are more often glabrous. There is, however, a rare hirtellous form of P. inserta known as P. inserta f. dubia.

Another part of the plant to check is the junction of the petiolules with the petiole.

In P. quinquefolia (above), this junction is also pubescent; in P. inserta (below), the junction is glabrous.

Growth habit is yet another way to distinguish between these two similar species.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (above) is often high climbing, but it can also be found growing at ground level. Parthenocissus inserta (below), however, sprawls over the ground, structures, or other vegetation.

The reason for this difference in habit is all in the tendrils...

The tendrils of P. quinquefolia (above) have several branches that end in dilated adhesive discs, which are used to attach to vegetation or structures, allowing the plant to climb. Those of P. inserta (below), however, have few branches and no adhesive discs, and it therefore does not have the ability to climb the way that P. quinquefolia does.

Finally, if you are lucky enough to have flowers or fruit, the distinction between these two species is simple. However, as Swink and Wilhelm point out in Plants of the Chicago Region, P. quinquefolia rarely produces fruit, while P. inserta produces fruit routinely.

As you can see in the photograph above, the inflorescence of P. quinquefolia has a distinct central axis, with 25-200 flowers/fruit in panicled groups of cymes. The inflorescence of P. inserta (below), however, is dichotomously branched and therefore does not have a central axis. It most often has 10-60 flowers/fruit per inflorescence. The fruit of P. quinquefolia are a bit smaller in diameter than those of P. inserta, as well.

It's as easy as that. There is no longer an excuse for lumping all members of the Vitaceae with five palmate leaflets into P. quinquefolia. Now that you can distinguish between mature plants of Parthenocissus, be sure to check The Vasculum to see how to determine the difference between Parthenocissus and Vitis in the cotyledon stage.

Another Plant Quiz

Good call Mary! Diarrhena americana it is - American Beak Grass, or Beak Grain. This uncommon, native grass is easiest to locate in late fall when the entire plant turns bright orange, after the surrounding vegetation thins out. It is well known for holding on to last year's grain well into the following spring. I have always thought it looks remarkably like a Carex, superficially at least.

Both photos are rejects, but they are interesting because I never saw the Crane Fly until I viewed them on the computer. Photographed on sandy alluvium in relatively deep shade, slightly elevated above a woodland stream.

Plant Quiz - Elephantopus carolinianus

Habitat: old field, shady, lower on a slope, SE Indiana (Fayette County)
Any help?

Answer - Elephantopus carolinianus. Good job, Scott. I had never seen this flower before. Apparently, the florets are considered to be disc flowers, not ray flowers.

Gentian Feevah!

With the sudden interest in gentians (what timing!); here is Gentiana linearis photographed in southern Vermont (8/18/09), where it is considered rare. First time seeing it: it is found only in the U.P. in Michigan (4 counties as of this summer thanks to the illustrious Bradford Slaughter). Looks a heck of a lot like G. andrewsii (incidentally also rare in VT) to me, the main difference in G&C's key being the leaves and are not "scabrous-ciliolate" (at least not at 16X).

Gentiana rubricaulis

While working in Superior, Wisconsin a few weeks ago, we came across a gentian that I had never seen before, with dull grayish-blue closed flowers and a reddish stem. Upon running the plant through a key, we determined that we had found Gentiana rubricaulis, Red-stemmed Gentian.


Gentiana rubricaulis differs from similar species such as G. andrewsii and G. saponaria in having smooth-margined leaves and calyx lobes (as opposed to leaves and calyx lobes with ciliate margins). In addition, the plaits between the corolla lobes in G. andrewsii are longer than the lobes, while those in G. rubricaulis are shorter than the corolla lobes. Another important feature used to distinguish G. rubricaulis from similar species is that the the calyces and lower portion of the flowers are usually sunken within the involucral leaves. Finally, the leaves of this gentian are a lighter green color than those of most other members of the genus.

Sometimes referred to as Great Lakes Gentian, the distribution of G. rubricaulis is primarily centered around the Great Lakes; it is known only from four states (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Maine) and three provinces (Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick) in North America. With an affinity for alkaline conditions, G. rubricaulis can be found in sedge meadows, bogs, fens, alder thickets, and coniferous swamps. The closed flowers are pollinated when bumblebees force them open in search of nectar and pollen.

The genus Gentiana was named after Gentius, the King of Illyria, who discovered that the roots of some members of the genus could be used to treat malaria. Rubricaulis is Latin for red stem.